Scholasticism
Explore Scholasticism, the dominant medieval method that used logic, debate, and authoritative texts to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy, …
Later Crusades and Crusading’s Ultimate Failure
The Later Crusades—from the Fourth Crusade’s aftermath through the campaigns of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries—represent a long, complex decline …
The States of Thirteenth Century Europe
Explore the dynamic political landscape of thirteenth-century Europe, a period marked by powerful monarchies, feudal fragmentation, rising city-states, and shifting …
The Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a major medieval military expedition originally launched to reclaim Jerusalem but ultimately redirected toward Christian …
The Third Crusade
The Third Crusade (1189–1192), launched after the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, was a major medieval military campaign …
The Komnenoi in Byzantium
The Komnenoi dynasty (1081–1185) marked one of the most dynamic phases in Byzantine history, defined by military revival, administrative reform, …
Frederick Barbarossa and the Holy Roman Empire
Frederick Barbarossa, one of the most iconic medieval rulers, reshaped the political landscape of Central Europe as Holy Roman Emperor …
The First Crusade
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was a landmark military and religious expedition launched by Western European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and …
Disaster at Manzikert
The Disaster at Manzikert refers to the decisive 1071 battle in which the Byzantine Empire suffered a catastrophic defeat to …
Church Reform in Eleventh Century
The Church Reform of the Eleventh Century was a pivotal movement aimed at restoring the moral integrity, independence, and spiritual …
